WIMER — Vern and Gianaclis Caldwell do a lot of the typical things that make a small farm self-sufficient.

Besides the 40-some dwarf Nigerian goats they milk to make artisanal cheeses, they also raise chickens for meat and eggs, a steer for beef, horses to ride and vegetables for the table.

Unlike most small farms, their heat and electricity is entirely home grown. They produce electricity from solar panels when the sun shines, and a micro-hydro turbine when winter rains put water in the creek. Oak and fir cut from the farm fire a boiler that heats the cement floors of the dairy and cheese making room, as well as the hot water to wash the goats and themselves.

“We thought we should be responsible for our own energy,” said Vern Caldwell, a retired U.S. Marine Corps aircraft maintenance officer. “So that drove a lot of everything else that we did — where the buildings were placed, how they were placed, taking advantage of passive solar, how we were going to heat, how we were going to cool. All those issues then got driven by this one decision to be off the grid.”

Pholia Farm is unusual in the degree to which it is energy self-sufficient.

But more farms are installing renewable energy, said Stephanie Page, renewable energy specialist for the Oregon Department of Agriculture. The motivation was sparked by the 2008 spike in fuel prices, and is being fanned by a range of grants and tax credits handed out by state, federal and private agencies.

“As they exhaust energy efficiency projects on their farms, then they are starting to look more at renewable energy,” she said.

Just how many remains unclear, but the motivation seems to still be a desire to be green more than the bottom line, despite an increasing array of financial incentives.

No one really knows how many U.S. farms use renewable energy, such as solar photovoltaic panels, hydroelectric generators, and methane digesters. The 2007 Farm Census found 23,451 out of more than 2 million farms — about 1 percent — generated some kind of electricity or energy, but just what that means is unclear. The agency is doing a more detailed count this year.

But indications are that the numbers are rising.

Overall renewable energy production rose 5 percent from 2007 to 2008, according to the Energy Information Administration.

And there were $9 million worth of applications for just $2.4 million in grants authorized by the 2008 Farm Bill for farm energy audits, a precondition to applying for alternative energy grants, said Bill Hagy, special assistant for alternative energy policy for the secretary of Agriculture.

In fiscal year 2008, USDA Rural Development funded 197 renewable energy projects, and projections are for 385 projects in fiscal 2009, said spokesman Jay Fletcher.

At Persephone Farm in Lebanon, Jeff Falen and his wife, Elanor O’Brien, raise organic vegetables. They have been building up their solar array since 2004, and the latest installation should bring them up to 100 percent of their annual electricity use, which includes a plug-in electric tractor. A boost in the Oregon state tax credit from 30 percent to 50 percent, spread over five years, made the latest addition easier. A 30 percent federal tax credit is also available.

“We are basically harvesting the sun when we’re farming,” said Falen. “That’s what our crops are doing. This is just another way of doing it.”

Though increases in incentives have made alternative energy more affordable, it remains a philosophical decision rather than a bottom-line decision, Falen added.

“We try to look at the cost of electricity being substantially higher than getting it from the utility,” Falen said. “There are a lot of deferred costs of adapting to future climate change, impacts to people’s health. With respect to gasoline there is a lot of cost from fighting wars to maintain supply.”

Solar contractor Ron Summers in Detroit, regularly advises farmers that they need to be showing a significant profit to take advantage of the tax credits that are a big part of making renewable energy pay.

“Everybody wants to be green,” he said. “Not everybody can afford it.”